Computers And Electronics Articles And Ebooks.

Is Wibree going to rival Bluetooth?

2010-09-26T11:37:00.001+05:30

Mobile-phone-maker Nokia announced a new short-range wireless
technology, Wibree, in October 2006. With several other formats for shortrange
wireless already on the market or in development, tech pundits
questioned what niche Wibree would fill, or even if there was room for it at
all. While the long-term success of Wibree remains to be seen, it does have
several advantages over the competition, and it has been positioned as a
compliment to Bluetooth technology rather than as a competitor.
Both Wibree and Bluetooth allow devices to communicate via short-range
radio signals. Bluetooth can be used to perform a variety of tasks, including
sharing files between a PC and a PDA, downloading an address book into a
cell phone from a PC, and transmitting a signal from a remote control to a
television. The Bluetooth radio operates at 2.4 GHz, "hopping" rapidly
around different bands close to that frequency to provide security and
resistance to interference from other signals . Wibree, it turns out, will use
the same radio frequency as Bluetooth, a major advantage over
competitors. Using the same basic mechanism for wireless communication
will make it much easier for devices to build in both Wibree and Bluetooth
compatibility.
So why is Wibree a compliment to Bluetooth? It performs many of the
same functions that Bluetooth does while using far less power. Wibree
would allow for the use of wireless technology in many devices that require
long battery life. People don't want to change the battery in their wireless
keyboard or wireless-enabled watch every week, and with Wibree they
wouldn't need to. Wibree chips are also smaller than Bluetooth chips,
which would make it easier to use them in certain applications where space
is at a premium.
However, Wibree transmits data more slowly than Bluetooth -- up to 1
megabit per second, compared to Bluetooth's 3 megabits per second. It's
easy to see that Wibree can't go head to head with Bluetooth in applications
in which more bandwidth is needed.
Some potential applications of Wibree include:
l Wireless keyboards
l Wireless mice
l Electronic toys
l Medical devices, possibly implanted
l Watches
l Cell phones
l Sports sensors
The future of Wibree is complicated by the fact that existing wireless
technologies are still evolving. While Nokia is likely hoping that Wibree
will be completely integrated into Bluetooth at some point, developers are
working to reduce the power draw of Bluetooth devices. If Bluetooth can
work under low power, that pretty much invalidates the need for Wibree.
Specific details on Wibree's power consumption are not yet available --
Nokia's 2006 unveiling was a preliminary announcement.. Wibree-enabled
devices should hit the market in the next few years.

By the way, if you're wondering where they got the name Wibree, Nokia
hasn't offered any information, but it could be related to the name of
another wireless technology that is in direct competition with Wibree:
Zigbee.

Radio-frequency identification

2010-09-26T11:21:00.003+05:30

Are RFID ignition systems secure?

An RFID-equipped key could help throw off the thieves -- or not.
In 1997, Ford Motor Co. equipped the Mustang with one of the first RFID
ignition immobilizers in the U.S. car industry. Theft levels for the Mustang
immediately dropped 70 percent from just two years prior. The results were
stunning, and pretty much every other carmaker followed suit.
Today, the RFID (radio frequency identification) industry claims a 90
percent reduction in theft rates for car models equipped with RFID starters,
immobilizers and entry systems. Both automakers and insurance companies
have full faith in the devices, even going so far as to label them unbeatable.
And certainly, the technology is an impressive display of security
innovation.
RFID relies on radio-frequency signals to create a system that, for the first
several years it was in use, was indeed uncrackable. In the 1990s, many a
car thief was thwarted by the rather brilliant addition of RFID immobilizers
to regular old physical keys.
An RFID immobilizer is a chip embedded in
the top part of an ignition key. This chip sends out an encrypted string of
radio-frequency signals, basically a particular number of impulses
broadcast on various radio frequencies to create a specific code, when the
driver inserts it into the ignition-key slot. Without this code, the car either
won't start or won't activate the fuel pump. So even if someone hotwires the
car or copies an ignition key, the ignition isn't going to work because it
hasn't received the proper radio-frequency code.
If you have a car that comes with a special "valet key," the immobilizer
probably shuts down the fuel pump if the car is started without the code.
This means the car is going to run only on whatever fuel is left in the fuel
line, which will only get it a couple of blocks. Thus the valet key -- valet
parkers only have to drive a car very short distances. If they try to drive off
with your car, they won't get very far. Neither will any other potential car
thief.
Early RFID systems, both keyless entry (the key fob device with the button
you press to unlock the car) and vehicle immobilizers, used 32-bit
encryption. That means they sent a code of 32 impulses. With 32 bits in the
code, there are billions of possible combinations. In newer schemes,
including remote starters that let you start a car with the push of a button,
the codes have 40 bits, which increases the possibilities. With so many
possible codes, the system seems unbeatable.
And at first, it was.In this article, we'll see whether RFID technology can
protect a car from theft and find out how thieves are adapting to the
systems.
RFID Car Systems: Radio Protection

Radio-frequency identification tags use similar technology to RFIDs used in cars.
Cars with RFID security do have lower theft rates, and it makes sense. This
type of system makes getting in and driving off a lot more complicated.
Keyless entry and immobilizer systems work in pretty much the same way.
Let's say you have a keyless-entry fob. It's a standard radio-transponder
setup: Inside is a circuit board, a radio transmitter, a battery and an antenna.
When you get near your car, perhaps 5 feet to 10 feet (a few meters) away,
you press the button to unlock your doors. The RFID chip in the fob sends
out a code of 40 impulses broadcast on different frequencies. The
corresponding RFID chip in the car receives this code and accesses the car's
software to find out if the code is the right one. If it is, the doors unlock.
This is called an active RFID system, since pushing the button actively
sends out the code, instead of receiving it. The immobilizer chips in
ignition keys are also active. Keyless ignition, on the other hand, is a
passive RFID system. Instead of the ignition chip sending out the code, the
car sends out the code and the ignition chip receives it. Ignition systems
have no battery (or a different kind), and they have a lower-power antenna,
so they won't broadcast as far. It's an additional security measure.
On its face, the system seems impenetrable: There are billions of possible
sequences, and brute force will no longer get the car moving. Add in
rolling codes, which are becoming more common -- a system in which the
expected sequence changes slightly every time you push the button -- and
the options get closer to a trillion. But as with any security system, it's only
impenetrable until thieves figure out a way around it. Look at safes and
burglar alarms; you've got to update those frequently in order to stay ahead

of the robbers. Car RFID systems are no different.
RFID hacking is the most high-tech approach to car theft yet. Using
hardware that grabs radio frequency signals out of the air, and software that
decrypts it, thieves with time on their hands can steal an RFID-equipped
car. In 2005, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland
demonstrated how.
RFID Security: Hacking In
A thief with a laptop and a microreader can capture the transmissions sent out
by an RFID.
The fact is, people steal cars equipped with RFID security. It's especially
common in Europe , where RFID has been used in cars for longer than in
the United States . To prove the weaknesses of the system, researchers at
Johns Hopkins went about breaking in. What they found was startling.
If you equip a laptop computer with a microreader, a device that can
capture radio signals, you can capture the transmissions sent out by an
RFID immobilizer key. Positioned within a few feet of the RFID
transponder -- say, sitting next to the car owner in a restaurant -- the laptop
sends out signals that activate the chip. When the key begins broadcasting,
the reader grabs the code, and the computer begins decrypting it. Within 20
minutes, you've got the code that'll tell the car to start. (Once you have a
good database of codes stored in your laptop, the time gets much shorter.)
Pair that code with a copy of the physical key or a hotwire job, and you're
on your way. In the case of the passive ignition system, the process is

similar, but you need only stand next to the car, not the person carrying the
key.
In cars that have RFID entry and ignition, it's an all-in-one process. Break
the codes, and you can not only unlock the doors, but also start the car and
drive away. According to some security experts, this is the problem with
the system. RFID is a really great addition to a car's physical security
system, but on its own, it allows for complete access with just a single act
of decryption. For a thief with good equipment, it's a snap.
This is where the RFID, insurance and car industries object to the portrayal
of RFID systems as faulty. Sure, the Johns Hopkins researchers could break
it. They have money and hardware. Car thieves would never take the time
or spend the money to break an encrypted code.
But with the payoff of tens of thousands of dollars for a high-end car,
thieves have decided to give it a whirl. And whereas locksmiths weren't
allowed to copy RFID-equipped keys at first, annoyance on the part of car
owners who lost their keys led to a loosening of the rule. Now, both
locksmiths and regular consumers can buy kits that can capture and clone
an RFID code. The result is that people are losing their RFID-secured cars,
and insurance companies call the owners' claims fraudulent because RFID
security is uncrackable. The owners must be lying.
There are a few possible solutions to this problem that don't involve
scrapping RFID. The Johns Hopkins scientists propose several ways to
better secure the system: First, RFID makers should switch from 40-bit to
128-bit encryption; owners should wrap their fob in tinfoil when not using
them, to help block fraudulent signals from activating transmission; and
most important, carmakers should use RFID technology as an additional
security measure, not the sole one.
As with any other security system, the advice is simple: Layer up. Don't
rely on any single protection method. Instead, use several different types of
security in order to make it as complicated as possible to bypass.

What does GSM mean in a cell phone?

2010-09-21T08:21:00.003+05:30

The GSM system uses TDMA to split a frequency into time slots.
Probably the most useful thing to know about the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is that it is an
international standard. If you travel in Europe and many other parts of the world, GSM is the only type of cellular service
available. Originally, the acronym GSM stood for Groupe Spécial Mobile, a group formed by the Conference of
European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) in 1982 to research the merits of a European standard for mobile
telecommunications. Commercial service using the GSM system did not actually start until 1991. Instead of using analog
service, GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology.
Using TDMA, a narrow band that is 30 kHz wide and 6.7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. Narrow
band means channels in the traditional sense. Each conversation gets the radio for one-third of the time. This is possible
because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less
transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of
channels.
TDMA is the access method used by GSM, as well as the Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications
Industry Association for Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) and Interim Standard 136 (IS-136). GSM implements TDMA in a
somewhat different and incompatible way from IS-136. Think of GSM and IS-136 as two different operating systems that
work on the same processor , like Windows and Linux both working on an Intel Pentium III. GSM systems provide a
number of useful features:
Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
Data networking
Group III facsimile services
Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages and paging
Call forwarding
Caller ID
Call waiting
Multi-party conferencing
What does GSM mean in a cell phone

GSM operates in the 900 MHz band (890 MHz - 960 MHz) in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz (sometimes referred
to as 1.9 GHz) band in the United States. It is used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems. GSM is also the basis for
Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), a popular system introduced by Motorola and used by Nextel. The
incredible growth of GSM is a big part of why the acronym is now commonly thought of as standing for the Global System
for Mobile communications!
If you were on a cell phone in Europe, you'd be using the GSM service.
What does GSM mean in a cell phone

How To Reinstall Windows XP Without Losing Anything

2010-09-20T22:28:00.002+05:30

How To Reinstall Windows XP Without Losing Anything (similar to repair method but without CD boot)
-------------------------------------------------------
You can use this method as often as you like when you need to repair something that had gotten corrupted and you don't want to do a clean install.This is better than doing a windows repair install from the cd because doing that can cause changes to settings and even make it so you can't get updates anymore from microsoft update site because of the 'silent install' they did a year or so ago (unless you rereg some dll files).1- Start WindowsXP2- Go to the location of your source files3- Run WINNT32 /unattendFor example, D:\I386\winnt32 /unattend ( copy & paste this command into the RUN box, then press ENTER ) Your computer will do the rest.ORStart > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.Copy & paste > D:\I386\winnt32 /unattend (notice the space between 32 and / )Press Enter.If you have i386 on your drive, you can replace D: ( if D: is your cd drive ) with the location of it. (be sure it's the full i386 though)D: is the driver letter where your windows XP Cd isif D:\I386\winnt32 /unattend doesn't work then try : d:\winnt32 /unattend.

Networking Self-Teaching Guide

2010-09-06T18:58:00.002+05:30

: OSI, TCP/IP, LAN's, MAN's, WAN's, Implementation, Management, and Maintenance
By James Edwards & Richard Bramante

864 pages May 4, 2009 English PDF 9.96 Mb
IT professionals who want to move into the networking side in a corporate or enterprise setting will find the detailed content they need to get up to speed on the very latest networking technologies; plus, current networking professionals will find this a valuable and up-to-date resource. This hands-on guide is designed so that you can select, design, and implement an actual network using the tutorials and steps in the book. Coverage includes an overview of networking technologies, including the hardware, software, transmission media, and data transfer processes; in-depth coverage of OSI and TCP/IP reference models; operating systems and other systems software used in today?s networks; LANs, WANS, and MANs, including the components and standards that operate within each type of area network; and more.

Select, design, and implement a network

If you want to make the move into a networking career, this is the resource for you. It covers the technologies you need to know, including the hardware, software, data transfer processes, and more. This guide first takes you through the essentials of networking and progresses through the advanced features and capabilities available in many of the standards. You'll then delve into network design as well as the important tasks of securing, managing, and troubleshooting issues within a given network.

* Manage all the components within a node
* Take advantage of the Ethernet, today's most prominent LAN technology
* Utilize the most commonly deployed standards and technologies in networking
* Ensure that information flows smoothly and without error between the upper layers
* Allow for direct communication between network nodes over a physical channel
* Apply and develop design concepts for a given network
* Prevent network attacks and perform traffic monitoring and analysis
* Troubleshoot any network problem using proven strategies

Code:
http://hotfile.com/dl/67238626/9304ab3/Networking.Self-teaching.Guide.rar.html

Microsoft Office Enterprise 2010 Corporate (No serial, No crack Required)

2010-09-06T18:44:00.003+05:30

Microsoft Office Enterprise 2010 Corporate (No serial, No crack Required)
Include
Microsoft Office Access 2010
Microsoft Office Excel 2010
Microsoft Office Groove 2010
Microsoft Office InfoPath 2010
Microsoft Office OneNote 2010
Microsoft Office Outlook 2010
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010
Microsoft Office Publisher 2010
Microsoft Office Word 2010
This is the leaked Microsoft Office 2010 Enterprise Corporate Edition. This version also doesn’t need an activation.
The installer is very simple, undetailed and handy. The interface of application is completely changed, it is modernized
and practically reminds in no way to the previous versions.In a few minutes the software will be installed on your
computer, without any questions or other things that slow down the installation.

Office Enterprise 2010 is the most complete Microsoft toolset provided for people who must collaborate with others and
work with information efficiently, regardless of location or network status. Office Enterprise 2010 builds on the
strengths of Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2010, adding Microsoft Office Groove 2010 and Microsoft Office OneNote
2010, enabling people to collaborate and create, manage, and use information more efficiently.

Code:
http://hotfile.com/dl/66517702/0cccc9b/corporate_2010.part1.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66517844/0466946/corporate_2010.part2.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518094/5cbdf7e/corporate_2010.part3.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518303/7c3605d/corporate_2010.part4.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518496/d198ac2/corporate_2010.part5.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518659/384c670/corporate_2010.part6.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518760/f5bfb5e/corporate_2010.part7.RAR.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/66518872/b266480/corporate_2010.part8.RAR.html

SUPER BLUETOOTH HACK

2010-06-12T19:59:00.002+05:30

Super Bluetooth hacker v 1.8

This document is for educational purposes only.
I the author will not be held responsible for any misuse of this information.

This is very simple but you need access to the victims phone at least once.

When installed on phone give it access to information on mobile phone via settings.

The following is the link for a few famous bluetooth hacking softwares.

Though the name of the software is Bluetooth hack ,it doesn't perform any kind of hacking .Actually the hacking mode seems to be working only in some low securitySonyEricsson phones . In High -end Nokia ,LG ,Samsung phones ,the target device should accept the incoming Bluetooth connections to make Bluetooth hack work . So first you need to play some tricks to make the targets phone connected to your device ( Just ask him to send a song ). Later then you can start Bluetooth hacking .

Super Bluetooth hack 1.8 features :

Connect any phone via Bluetooth or Infrared .
Turn off , read SMS , send SMS ,make calls ,Read phone book .

Super Bluetooth hack 1.8 supported Nokia devices .

Nokia: 1680c, 2355, 2600 classic, 2610, 2626, 2630, 2650, 2660, 2680, 2760, 2855, 2855i, 2865, 2865i, 3100, 3105, 3109 classic, 3110c, 3120, 3120 classic, 3125, 3152, 3155, 3155i, 3200, 3220, 3230, 3250, 3300, 3410, 3500, 3510, 3510i, 3530, 3555, 3586i, 3587, 3595, 3600, 3600 slide, 3620, 3650, 3660, 5000, 5070, 5100, 5140, 5140i, 5200, 5220 XpressMusic, 5300, 5310 XpressMusic, 5320 XpressMusic, 5500, 5610, 5700, 5800 XpressMusic, 6010, 6015, 6020, 6021, 6030, 6060, 6060v, 6061, 6070, 6080, 6085, 6086, 6100, 6101, 6102, 6102i, 6103, 6108, 6110 Navigator, 6111, 6120, 6120c, 6121 classic, 6125, 6126, 6131, 6133, 6151, 6152, 6155, 6165, 6165i, 6170, 6200, 6210 Navigator, 6220, 6220 Classic, 6225, 6230, 6230i, 6233, 6234, 6235, 6235i, 6255, 6255i, 6260, 6265, 6265i, 6267, 6270, 6275i, 6280, 6288, 6290, 6300, 6301, 6310i, 6500c, 6500s, 6555, 6585, 6600, 6600 slide, 6610, 6610i, 6620, 6630, 6650, 6651, 6670, 6680, 6681, 6682, 6708, 6800, 6810, 6820, 6822, 7070, 7200, 7210, 7210 Supernova, 7250, 7250i, 7260, 7270, 7360, 7370, 7373, 7390, 7500, 7510 Supernova, 7600, 7610, 7610 Supernova, 7650, 7710, 8600 Luna, 8800, 8800 Sirocco, 8910i, 9210, 9290, 9300, 9300i, 9500, E50, E51, E60, E61, E61i, E62, E65, E66, E70, E71, E90, N-Gage, N-Gage QD, N70, N70-1, N71, N72, N73, N75, N76, N77, N78, N79, N80-1, N81, N81 8GB, N82, N85, N90, N91, N92, N93, N93i, N95, N95 8GB, N96

Super Bluetooth hack 1.8 supported SonyEricsson devices :

Sony-Ericsson: C702, C902, C905, D750, D750i, F305, F500i, G502, G700, G900, J200i, J210i, J220i, J230i, J300a, J300i, K200i, K300, K300a, K300i, K310, K310a, K310i, K320i, K500i, K508, K508c, K508i, K510a, K510i, K530i, K550i, K600, K600i, K608i, K610, K610i, K618i, K630, K660i, K700, K700c, K700i, K750, K750i, K770, K790a, K790i, K800i, K800iv, K810i, K850i, M600i, P1i, P800, P900, P910, P910a, P910i, P990i, S302, S500i, S700, S700i, S710a, T226, T230, T250i, T290a, T290i, T610, T616, T630, T637, T650i, T68, V600, V600i, V630i, W200a, W200i, W300, W300i, W350, W380, W550c, W550i, W580i, W600c, W600i, W610i, W660i, W700i, W710i, W760, W800c, W800i, W810i, W810iv, W830i, W850i, W850iv, W880i, W890i, W900i, W910i, W950i, W960, Z1010, Z200, Z300i, Z310i, Z310iv, Z500, Z500a, Z520a, Z520i, Z530i, Z550a, Z550i, Z555, Z558i, Z600, Z610i, Z710i, Z750, Z800

Download Link 1

http://www.ziddu.com/download/7067562/superbluetooth_hackv1.8.jarwww.flyapa.co.cc.zip.html

Download Link 2

Bluetooth Hacking Software

Hack ADMIN Password From Guest

2010-06-12T19:48:00.003+05:30

Well thats possible ..
Please Dont missuse This ARTICLE. Its meant for "Educational Purpose" only or for helping those who have lost their PASSWORD.
HaCk "GUEST" with Admin privileges........

Code:

echo off

title Please wait...

cls

net user add Username Password /add

net user localgroup Administrators Username /add

net user Guest 420 /active:yes

net localgroup Guests Guest /DELETE

net localgroup Administrators Guest /add

del %0

Copy this to notepad and save the file as "Guest2admin.bat"
then u can double click the file to execute or run in the cmd.

(OR)

How to change Windows Password

The following document is for educational purposes only. I, the author , will not be held responsible for any misuse of this information.

This is a very simple trick and can be Used on any windows xp computer.

1. Go to Start>Run and type "cmd".

2. A new dialogue box will come up. There type 'net user' without the quotes.

3. This will show you the users running on the system.

4. Now type 'net user username *' without quotes and replacing username with the username of user.

Which means if the username of user is cooldude you have to type 'net user cooldude*' without quotes.

5. Now system will ask you to type a new password.

Here is where you type the new password.
Don't be confused because when you write nothing you type will be visible.
This is done to prevent shoulder surfers.
Just carefully type the password and press enter

6. Then retype the password and your done.

IF YOUR PROBLEM IS NOT COMPLEX IT CAN SOLVED AS BELOW

ost of us know that changing your Windows XP logon password regularly is a good habit to help keep your PC secure. Changing your password in Windows XP is easy and is something you should think about doing if you're having problems remembering the one you're using now.

Follow the easy steps below to change your Windows XP logon password:

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: Changing your Windows XP logon password usually takes less than a few minutes

Here's How:

Click on Start and then Control Panel.
Click on the User Accounts link.
Note: If you're viewing the Classic View of Control Panel, double-click on theUser Accounts icon.
In the pick an account to change area of the User Accounts window, click on your Windows XP user name.
Choose the Change my password link.
In the first text box, enter your existing password.
In the next two text boxes, enter the password you would like to start using.
Entering the password twice helps to make sure that you typed your new password correctly.
Click the Change Password button to confirm your changes.
You can now close the User Accounts window and the Control Panel window.
Now that your Windows XP logon password has been changed, you must use your new password to log on to Windows XP from this point forward.
(OR)
Try "control userpasswords2" in run..
There is also one provision to reset the password,,,,,,,,,.
Thank you....!

Burn .bin file without .cue file

2010-06-12T19:45:00.001+05:30

To burn a bin file, you will need an appropriate cue file.

You do exactly the same as for iso files, but when you click on “burn image,” you don’t browse to the bin itself, but instead to the cue file, and you open that one.
When the writer starts to burn, it will automatically search for the bin file and start burning it. In fact, the cue file tells the burning program where it can find the bin file that is attached to it. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you use the right cue file when you burn a bin. i.e both cue and bin files that are attached to each other must be located in the same folder, and every bin file has it’s own cue file.

Normally, when you download a bin file, you can download the appropriate cue file as well. If you do not have the cue file (or feel bold) you can make the cue file yourself, which is really easy to do:

a. Open notepad

b. Copy the folowing text into notepad:

FILE“nameofimage“BINARY
TRACK 01 MODE1/2352
INDEX 01 00:00:00

Where nameofimage.bin is the name of the bin file you want ot burn.

c. The rest is easy: just save the notepad text with the name of the bin, but with the cue extension.

d. The file should be saved in the same folder as its appropriate bin file and should be something like myfile.cue

Google Operating System 2010 (Android LiveCD - No Instalation) - 179 MB

2010-03-31T20:59:00.000+05:30

Google Operating System 2010 (Android LiveCD - No Instalation) | 179 MB

Quote:

LiveAndroid lets you download a disk image LiveCD operating system Google Android. Just record the image on the disc, placing it in the CD-ROM drive and restart your computer and you can test Android, without installing it and not touching any files on your computer.
Language: English
File: ISO
Size: 172.46 Mb
Checksums
MD5 E0C5C305F78CD958DBAEA3716C82296F
SHA-1 741B42748666AC085FC12692AC6AFB369B002A2E
CRC32 EEDBFF00

Code:

Hotfile Links http://hotfile.com/dl/35600550/bfddbc3/liveandroid.part1.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/35600601/72b4e4d/liveandroid.part2.rar.html  Uploading Links http://uploading.com/files/e7c26e7b/liveandroid.part1.rar/ http://uploading.com/files/3893ae5m/liveandroid.part2.rar/

GATE 2010 EC Solutions

2010-02-14T21:12:00.000+05:30

GATE 2010 EC ANSWER KEY | GATE 2010 EC SOLUTIONS

February 14th, 2010

GATE 2010 EC ANSWER KEY | GATE EC SOLUTIONS

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
C	C	D	A	D	B	B	B	A	A

11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
D	D	B	A	C	C	B	B	A	C

21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
B	C	D	C	C	A	D	C	C	C

31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40
D	C	A	A	B	C	D	B	D	C

41	42	43	44	45	46	47	48	49	50
B	C	C	A	D	A	B	B	B	D

51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59	60
C	B	A	B	D	B	A	D	B	D

61	62	63	64	65
C	A	D	B	B

Find The Location (Or) IP Of Sender In E-Mail

2010-01-18T11:43:00.001+05:30

Finding IP Address Of the Sender In Hotmail!!

# Log into your Hotmail account with your username and password.
# Click on the Mail tab on the top.
# Open the mail.
# If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed . To display the headers,

* Click on Options on the top-right corner
* In the Mail Options page, click on Mail Display Settings
* In Message Headers, make sure Advanced option is checked.
* Click on Ok button
* Go back to the mails and open that mail.

# If you find a header with X-Originating-IP: followed by an IP address, that is the sender's IP address

* Hotmail headers : Daniel ,In this case the IP address of the sender is [68.34.60.59]. This is be the IP address of the sender.

# If you find a header with Received: from followed by a Gmail proxy like this

* Hotmail headers : Daniel
* Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[]. In this case, the IP address of the sender is [69.140.7.58].

# Or else if you have headers like this

* Hotmail headers : Daniel
* Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[].
In this case, the IP address of the sender is [61.83.145.129] .

# If you have multiple Received: from headers, eliminate the ones that have proxy.anyknownserver.com.

Finding IP Address of the sender in Yahoo Mail!!

# Log into your Yahoo! mail with your username and password.
# Click on Inbox or whichever folder you have stored your mail.
# Open the mail.
# If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed . To display the headers,

* Click on Options on the top-right corner
* In the Mail Options page, click on General Preferences
* Scroll down to Messages where you have the Headers option
* Make sure that Show all headers on incoming messages is selected
* Click on the Save button
* Go back to the mails and open that mail.

# You should see similar headers like this:

* Yahoo! headers : Daniel.

# Look for Received: from followed by the IP address between square brackets [ ]. Here, it is 202.65.138.109.
# That is be the IP address of the sender!

Finding IP Address of the sender in Gmail !!

When you receive an email, you receive more than just the message. The email comes with headers that carry important information that can tell where the email was sent from and possibly who sent it. For that, you would need to find the IP address of the sender. The tutorial below can help you find the IP address of the sender.

* Log into your Gmail account with your username and password.
* Open the mail.
* To display the headers,
o Click on More options corresponding to that thread. You should get a bunch of links. Click on Show original
* You should get headers like this:
o Gmail headers : Daniel
* Look for Received: from followed by a few hostnames and an IP address between square brackets. In this case, it is 65.119.112.245.
* That is be the IP address of the sender!!

NOTE:=
This will not work if the sender uses anonymous proxy servers.

Computer Networks Q&A

2010-01-06T07:24:00.001+05:30

Important Computer Networks Interview Questions

1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs

10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.

10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.

10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

2. What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open, An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client.

A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block

A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.

4. What is a Management Information Base (MIB)

A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

5. What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it

Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.

6. What is a pseudo tty

A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.

7. What is REX What advantage does REX offer other similar utilities

8. What does the Mount protocol do

The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client's request.

9. What is External Data Representation

External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.

10. What is the Network Time Protocol ?

11. BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the network looking for its IP address and the location of its operating system.

Boot files BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.

12. What is a DNS resource record

A resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.

13. What protocol is used by DNS name servers

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.

14. What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways

Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.

15. What is the HELLO protocol used for

The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables

The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change.

17. What is a TCP connection table

18. What is source route

It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

19. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

20. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)

It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

21. What is Proxy ARP

It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.

22. What is OSPF

It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.

23. What is Kerberos

It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

24. What is a Multi-homed Host

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.

25. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.

26. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol

It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.

27. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

28. What is autonomous system

It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

29. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

30. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

31. What is Mail Gateway

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.

32. What is wide-mouth frog

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.

33. What are Digrams and Trigrams

The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.

34. What is silly window syndrome

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

35. What is region

When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

36. What is multicast routing

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

37. What is traffic shaping

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

38. What is packet filter

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

39. What is virtual path

Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path. Computer

40. What is virtual channel

Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

41. What is logical link control

One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.

42. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

43. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols

Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router

44. What is MAU

In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit (MAU).

45. Explain 5-4-3 rule

In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

46. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

47. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

48. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram

The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

49. What is difference between ARP and RARP

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.

50. What is ICMP

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

51. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite

The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

52. What is Project 802

It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols. It consists of the following:

802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.

802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs. Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).

802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.

53. What is Bandwidth

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

54. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

55. What is MAC address

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

56. What is attenuation

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

57. What is cladding

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

58. What is RAID

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

59. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

60. What is redirector

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

61. What is Beaconing

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

62. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

63. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

64. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"

65. What is SAP

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

66. What is subnet

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

67. What is Brouter

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

68. How Gateway is different from Routers

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.

69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices

Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link. Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.

Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical,

data link and network layers. They contain software

that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.

Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

70. What is mesh network

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

71. What is passive topology

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.

72. What are the important topologies for networks

BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.

Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.

Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop.

Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

73. What are major types of networks and explain

Server-based network

Peer-to-peer network

Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources. Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration

74. What is Protocol Data Unit

The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).

75. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

76. What are the possible ways of data exchange

(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

77. What are the types of Transmission media

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.

Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.

Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

78. What is point-to-point protocol

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

79. What are the two types of transmission technology available

(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

80. Difference between the communication and transmission.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

Reveal The Data From Dead HardDisk

2009-12-17T15:57:00.000+05:30

It happens to us all, sooner or later. We boot up our computer and *BAM* that’s it. Blue screen of death (BSOD). The hard drive has failed. But the baby shower pictures are on there! But my doctoral thesis is on there! But my fan fiction of Harry Potter Meets Captain Kirk is on there! But you’ve been making regular backups, right?
Fear not. You may be able to learn how to get data off a dead hard drive, all by yourself. Now a word of warning, if the hard drive has already physically failed and the disks in it won’t spin, then there isn’t much you can do but contact a data recovery specialist. I suppose you could order an identical hard drive via eBay and carefully take the platters out and put them into the new hard drive. However, if you are that technically inclined, this article is way beneath you!

If you get a BSOD then something may have happened to make your hard drive not boot, or start the operating system. This could be because of a faulty hard drive driver (the software that tells the computer how to use the hard drive) or it could be because of a loose connection. If you feel adventurous, you could check to make sure the connection is good inside the computer.

With some luck, that won’t be the case. If your computer continues on to give you some start up options in white text on a black screen, try choosing Last Known Good Configuration. That will start the computer into a backed-up version of Windows when life was good. It may be missing some recently added files and settings, but at least you’ll get the majority of your work back. At this point, it would be a good idea to perform a ScanDisk or CheckDisk task.

Your computer doesn’t take you to the start-up options page? Hmmm. Well, what you can do is try booting your computer from the Windows disk that came with your computer. Hopefully you have that still.

You may need to go into your BIOS settings and change the start-up disk setting to CD-ROM Drive.

Once your computer boots into the Windows disk,you’ll have some options. One of them will be the Recovery Console. Choose that by pressing the R key.

Chances are you only have one installation of Windows on your computer, so that’s the installation you’ll choose to work with.
When asked for your Administrator’s password, enter it and continue. If you didn’t set up an Administrator’s password, just hit enter to continue.

Now, you’ll be presented with a black screen with white text. At the prompt, type chkdsk /r. What this does is run the Check Disk utility on the hard drive and repairs any problems it might find. If this does the trick, your computer will reboot and work fine. Note, however, that now would be a VERY good time to make a back up of your hard drive and look into buying a new one. If this happens again, you’ll be very lucky to recover it once more.

If that doesn’t work, boot into the Recovery console again. There are two other commands you may want to try:Fixboot,which rewrites the startup sector on your hard drive, and Fixmbr, which repairs the Master Boot Record.

Those are pretty advanced commands to use, so you may not want to run them. Run at your own risk, is all I can say.
There is also a device you can buy, which is pretty inexpensive, that allows you take your hard drive, connect it to this device, and then plug it into the USB port of another computer.This does require you to remove your hard drive from its current computer.

What happens is that the computer you plugged it into, treats it as a slave drive. That means that it doesn’t need to access the operating system, so you should be able to transfer over your files from the failing hard drive. The defunct hard drive shows up as an external USB drive in Window’s Explorer so you can simply drag and drop from it.
I have used one of these many times. What I have found is that as long as the platters spin, I’m able to recover the data.

Hide Hard Drives

2009-12-17T13:51:00.001+05:30

When you need to secure your important data from other users, there are so many choice over there like folder protect,hide folder and much more. But imagine if your data size is more than 100 GB then it is not easy to burn it on CD or protect it. So don't worry friends, I am posting a trick by using this trick you can save your full drive by hiding it from other users. You can hide your drives without any Registry Edit.

1. Log on as Administrator

2. Click on Start button then click on Run > Type CMD

3.Now type diskpart at the command prompt and wait for 5 seconds to appear diskpart> utility.

4.To show the list of volume, type list volume

command after the diskpart> prompt, this command will show you all system drives detail.

5.Now Select the volume that you want to hide for example

If you want to hide F drive then first type select volume 2 (in this case) and hit enter button.

6.After selecting volume, type Remove letter F (in this case) to hide F drive.

7. DONE. Now you hide your drive successfully..to verify go to My Computer
and check drives

8.But next time, when you want to unhide the F drive, just type assign letter F command after loading volume 2.

IP Address Tracker

2009-12-17T11:58:00.002+05:30

DomainResolver is small free to use tool which lets you find the IP address of any website on web with its domain name.

You just need to type in the domain name and press the resolve button at the bottom of the application to get the IP address of the website.

Also mark the entry "try to resolve the location" to find the exact location of websites..

Screenshots:

Click here to download
http://rapidshare.com/files/265671483/domainresolver.exe

Detect Hacker Attack

2009-12-17T11:29:00.000+05:30

How to Detect a Hacker Attack Please check if you think that your PC is infected

Most computer vulnerabilities can be exploited in a variety of ways. Hacker attacks may use a single specific exploit, several exploits at the same time, a misconfiguration in one of the system components or even a backdoor from an earlier attack.

Due to this, detecting hacker attacks is not an easy task, especially for an inexperienced user. This article gives a few basic guidelines to help you figure out either if your machine is under attack or if the security of your system has been compromised. Keep in mind just like with viruses, there is no 100% guarantee you will detect a hacker attack this way. However, there's a good chance that if your system has been hacked, it will display one or more of the following behaviours.

Windows machines:

Suspiciously high outgoing network traffic. If you are on a dial-up account or using ADSL and notice an unusually high volume of outgoing network (traffic especially when you computer is idle or not necessarily uploading data), then it is possible that your computer has been compromised. Your computer may be being used either to send spam or by a network worm which is replicating and sending copies of itself. For cable connections, this is less relevant - it is quite common to have the same amount of outgoing traffic as incoming traffic even if you are doing nothing more than browsing sites or downloading data from the Internet.

Increased disk activity or suspicious looking files in the root directories of any drives. After hacking into a system, many hackers run a massive scan for any interesting documents or files containing passwords or logins for bank or epayment accounts such as PayPal. Similarly, some worms search the disk for files containing email addresses to use for propagation. If you notice major disk activity even when the system is idle in conjunction with suspiciously named files in common folders, this may be an indication of a system hack or malware infection.

Large number of packets which come from a single address being stopped by a personal firewall. After locating a target (eg. a company's IP range or a pool of home cable users) hackers usually run automated probing tools which try to use various exploits to break into the system. If you run a personal firewall (a fundamental element in protecting against hacker attacks) and notice an unusually high number of stopped packets coming from the same address then this is a good indication that your machine is under attack. The good news is that if your personal firewall is reporting these attacks, you are probably safe. However, depending on how many services you expose to the Internet, the personal firewall may fail to protect you against an attack directed at a specific FTP service running on your system which has been made accessible to all. In this case, the solution is to block the offending IP temporarily until the connection attempts stop. Many personal firewalls and IDSs have such a feature built in.

Your resident antivirus suddenly starts reporting that backdoors or trojans have been detected, even if you have not done anything out of the ordinary. Although hacker attacks can be complex and innovative, many rely on known trojans or backdoors to gain full access to a compromised system. If the resident component of your antivirus is detecting and reporting such malware, this may be an indication that your system can be accessed from outside.

Unix machines:

Suspiciously named files in the /tmp folder. Many exploits in the Unix world rely on creating temporary files in the /tmp standard folder which are not always deleted after the system hack. The same is true for some worms known to infect Unix systems; they recompile themselves in the /tmp folder and use it as 'home'.

Modified system binaries such as 'login', 'telnet', 'ftp', 'finger' or more complex daemons, 'sshd', 'ftpd' and the like. After breaking into a system, a hacker usually attempts to secure access by planting a backdoor in one of the daemons with direct access from the Internet, or by modifying standard system utilities which are used to connect to other systems. The modified binaries are usually part of a rootkit and generally, are 'stealthed' against direct simple inspection. In all cases, it is a good idea to maintain a database of checksums for every system utility and periodically verify them with the system offline, in single user mode.

Modified /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, or other system files in the /etc folder. Sometimes hacker attacks may add a new user in /etc/passwd which can be remotely logged in a later date. Look for any suspicious usernames in the password file and monitor all additions, especially on a multi-user system.

Suspicious services added to /etc/services. Opening a backdoor in a Unix system is sometimes a matter of adding two text lines. This is accomplished by modifying /etc/services as well as /etc/ined.conf. Closely monitor these two files for any additions which may indicate a backdoor bound to an unused or suspicious port.

Linux Basic Commands

2009-12-17T11:28:00.001+05:30

For changing directory / to /etc
[root@pc1 /]# cd /etc

One step back /etc to /
[root@pc1 etc]# cd ..

Go to previous working directory
[root@pc1 /]# cd -

Go to current login user home directory
[root@pc1 etc]# cd ~

Show the contents of /etc in single color
[root@pc1 ~]# dir /etc

Show the contents of /etc in different colors with nature of contents
[root@pc1 ~]# Ls /etc

create a folder on root partition
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /disk

Create a folder in /disk
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /disk/dir

Create multiple folder in multiple directories with single command
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /etc/dir1 /var/dir2 /usr/dir3

Create multiple folder in same directory
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3

Copy a file in directory
[root@pc1 disk]# cp file dir

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /disk/dir/
[root@pc1 disk]# cp /disk/file /disk/dir

Copy a directory with -r option
[root@pc1 disk]# cp -r dir dir2

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /etc with myfile name
[root@pc1 disk]# cp /disk/file /etc/myfile

Remove a file
[root@pc1 disk]# rm file

Remove a file with forcefully option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -f file

Remove a directory with out -r option and you face will an error
[root@pc1 disk]# rm dir

Remove a directory with -r option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -r /disk

Remove a directory with forcefully option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -rf dir

Move /etc/dir1 to /disk/ with different name
[root@pc1 disk]# mv /etc/dir1 /disk/mydir

Rename the folder name mydir to dir
[root@pc1 disk]# mv /disk/mydir /disk/dir

Rename the file name with myfile
[root@pc1 disk]# mv file myfile

Read a file page by page with less command
[root@pc1 disk]# less /etc/grub.conf

Read a file page by page with more command
[root@pc1 disk]# more /etc/qrub.conf

Read first ten lines of grub.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# head /etc/grub.conf

Read last ten lings of grub.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# tail /etc/grub.conf

Read first 12 lines with -n option
[root@pc1 disk]# head -n 12 /etc/grub.conf

Read last 11 lines with -n option
[root@pc1 disk]# tail -n 11 /etc/grub.conf

Copy the contents of /etc/grub.conf in /disk/file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/grub.conf > /disk/file

Append the contents /etc/mtab in /etc/file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/mtab >> /disk/file

Merging tow commands with pipe sign output of the first command is input of second command
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I more

Count the total lines of squid.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I wc -L

Show only spool words in squid.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I grep spool

Flush the contents of file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /dev/null > /var/log/messages

Speed Up System Application's

2009-12-17T11:25:00.001+05:30

It is Small But Power full Setting's Try These.......

CLick on: Start Menu
Go To: Run
Type: Regedit
Look For the Keys: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentConrolSet\Control \Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters
Now Look For The DWORD KEY : ENABLEPREFETCHERA
Its Default Value Is: 3
Change The Value To: 6

Now Close The Registery Editor And Restart Your Computer

Note: If u Change its Value to 1 It'll b verry Slow

Rescue A Laptop after a liquid Spill

2009-12-17T10:59:00.001+05:30

When liquids meet electronics, you can't waste time. Conductive liquids cause most of the initial damage. Immediately unplug the laptop from its power cord, and pull out the battery. Don't bother closing programs or saving data.

Tilt the laptop to let the liquid out.
Working quickly, remove all cables and attachments, plus any swappable optical drive or PC card. Tilt the laptop to get most of the liquid out the same way it came in, but be careful as you turn the machine over. Keep liquid away from the LCD. If liquid is on the surface, however, dab the outside with a clean towel.

Remove the laptops battery. Depending on your available tools and disassembly skills, remove more parts. Unscrew the outer case, and remove the plastic shell to expose the internal circuits. You can disassemble parts even further, separating individual components to help them dry. Do as much of this as you are comfortable with.

If you can, remove the keyboard.
If advanced disassembly unnerves you, consider taking the laptop to a good local repair shop at this stage. But even without further assistance, your first aid may save your system.

If you do disassemble the PC consider cleaning the affected parts with electronics circuit cleaner. If all you spilled was a little water, this step is likely more trouble than it's worth. Other drinks are more conductive and corrosive. However, if you've spilled a lot of liquid--more than a quarter of a cup--dab the parts with a fresh towel full of circuit cleaner. Work with rubber gloves in a ventilated area.

Swab, and spray compressed air.
Now wait for your system to dry. Leave the laptop disassembled or open and upside-down for a couple of days. Wait even longer if you can. Avoid using a hair dryer to speed up the process. Instead, leave the laptop in a warm room, next to a windowsill or in another dry location. Reassemble the laptop and turn it back on. If the keys are sticky, turn the system off; disassemble the keyboard for fine cleaning with electronics cleaner.

If your laptop still does not work all is not lost, getting the motherboard replaced may cost less than new laptop, if its just the hard drive your worrried about even with liquid damage your files can stil be recovered, this is not a job for an amatuer so pay a pro to do it- but as always its better to have backups than to rely on your HD.

How to Block USB Pen Drives in Computer

2009-12-17T10:16:00.000+05:30

1. Open Registry Editor by typing regedit in Run dialog.

2. Navigate to the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\

3. Find a sub key inside it named “StorageDevicePolicies”. If it does not exist there then we need to make it. Right click on “Control” key -> New -> Key. Name it “StorageDevicePolicies” without quotes.

4. Now right click on this newly created key and then click New -> DWORD value and name it as “WriteProtect”.

5. Modify this key and give it a value 1.

6. Click OK, and remember to restart the PC.

Now no more data can be transferred to the drive but to start using the drive again just give the “WriteProtect” key a value of 0 instead of 1 and restart the PC.

So any thoughts how you are going to use this trick?

Common Computer Problems

2009-12-17T09:44:00.000+05:30

If you have a PC, then you have most likely suffered from computer problems. Most people have accepted that there PC will eventually crash due to a virus or some massive error. However this is a myth.

Why have does your computer have problems?

Well, the biggest problem that your computer has is its owner. More than 80% of computer problems stem from neglecting to perform simple maintenance task such as cleaning your registry, emptying your cache files and updating software regularly. If these task a perform diligently. You would be reading this article from a five year old machine running on Windows 98 operating system. So, lets take a look at the top five computer problems and how to avoid them.

1. Computer has performance has slowed.

This is the number one complaint from most users. There are several reason why this has occurred. However, most can attributed to lack of maintenance. Fragmented data, corrupted registry, spyware, and load of unnecessary programs and services running can all eat away at your PC speed and performance. Manage your programs and cleaning your registry would easily award you a 30% gain in performance speed. Check out The 4 ways to speed up my computer

2. Lockup, freezes, and blue screens of death.

This is a another common computer problem. However, this particular issue is a bit more serious; therefore, it needs a few diagnostic steps. In most cases this problems are caused by spyware. To avoid this problem update your anti-spyware program daily. Having the most up to date signatures will help you avoid having a serious spyware problem. However, if you have concluded that your PC is spyware free. You should update your hardware drivers. The computer cannot communicate with various hardware components without an up to date driver. When it cannot find a driver, the CPU locks up. Also, increasing your virtual memory can also help to avoid freezes. Virtual Memory will allow to you get more use out your computer's RAM. Check the resource box for more info on the subject.

3. The computer spontaneously reboots or turn itself off.

This computer problem can be usually attributed to a hardware issue. Usually its the power supply is dying or in most cases a dirty or defective cooling fan. The computer trying to cool itself by automatically switching off. So, if you feel a bit of extra heat coming out the computer. Clean the fan and make sure it running properly. If your fan is functional, check your power supply. Also, you will be surprised how many people fail to make sure the cables are attached tightly. This be the cause of this particular computer problem.

4. Strange noises and vibrations.

This is almost totally a hardware issue. You computer is made up of thousands of parts. Its not unheard of that one of them can become unhinged. Overheating can cause expansion of wires and melt some sensitive. High pitch noises such as squealing or whining sounds can be cause electronic components. Whatever the reason, you conduct a small investigation. Remove the case and run the computer to discover the origin of the computer problem. If its not a simple matter such as a loose wire or fan issue, it may be time to call a computer tech.

5. Your home page, default search engine, or web browser has changed itself.

This is also known as "high-jacking". Spyware has been installed on your computer via social networking or from email link. This action has allowed spyware to install a java script into your web browser. The spyware then sends a message to your browser to change your user settings. For example change your home page to another web page.

As you have discovered from reading the article, the most common computer problems can be handle quite easily by simple maintenance of your PC. Net time you are suffering from computer problems. Take a few minutes to run some diagnostic test before rushing out to computer technical center claiming your PC is broken. When all you need to do was just make sure it was plugged in.

Boot system Faster

2009-12-16T21:29:00.001+05:30

Many computers take a lot of time to boot (or start ).This is due to many reasons.

Some slight changes can do wonders for your system:

1.Press start->run then type msconfig and press enter.

Go to the startup tab. Here you will see a list of startup items. These are all the programs that automatically start when you boot your PC. It is these that slow down the boot up process.

So uncheck all the unwanted items like ms-office, messengers other utilities that u may not need at startup). Don't uncheck your antivirus software.

Restart your Pc to and see for yourself, your pc will now boot faster....

2.A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option is enabled, but on some systems it is not, so below is the information on how to turn it on:

Go to Start Menu and Click Run
Type in regedit then click ok
Find "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOp t imizeFunction"
Select "Enable" from the list on the right
Right on it and select "Modify"
Change the value to Y .
Reboot your Pc and see the change yourself.

3.SPEED UP BOOT BY DISABLING UNUSED PORTS.!!

You may have tried many tweaks like modifying windows XP start-up applications, prefetches, unload DLLs method, etc. And yes those methods do work for me.
I have just accidentally found out another way to give you an extra boost in windows XP's boot performance. This is done by disabling your unused devices in
Device Manager. for example, if you don't have input devices that are connected to one of your USB's or COM ports, disabling them will give you an extra performance boost in booting. Go to Control Panel -> System -> Hardware tab -> device manager Disable devices that you don't use for your PC and then restart.

Recovering Scratched CD's

2009-12-16T20:46:00.001+05:30

Here’s an easy home remedy, which might give you the desired results. Rub a small amount of toothpaste on the scratch and polish the CD with a soft cloth and any petroleum-based polishing solution (like clear shoe polish). Squirt a drop of Brasso and wipe it with a clean cloth.

Technology to the rescue:There are many softwares available on the net, which enable the recovery of the CD data. BadCopy Pro is one such software, which can be used to recover destroyed data and files from a range of media.
Just a few clicks is all it requires to recover the disc from almost all kind of damage situation; be it corrupted, lost data, unreadable or defective.
DiskDoctors is another popular company, which offers both software and solutions to recover data from a scratched CDs and DVDs

General Tips:

* Always wipe the CD from the center outward with straight spoke-like strokes. Wiping CDs in circles will create more scratches.

* Do not scratch the graphics layer as you cannot repair the disc.
HINT: Hold the disc up to a light with the graphics layer facing the light source. If you can see light thru the scratches at any point then the disc may be irreparable and or exhibit loading or playing errors.

* Clean your Disc players lens regularly with a suitable product to ensure optimal viewing pleasure.

* Make sure to use a soft, lint-free cloth to clean both sides of the disc. Wipe in a straight line from the centre of the disc to the outer edge.

* If wiping with a cloth does not remove a fingerprint or smudge, use a specialized DVD disc polishing spray to clean the disc.

WI-FI Without Routers

2009-12-16T20:13:00.000+05:30

sharing your existing ethernet internet connection

1. go to control panel -> network connection.
2. right click on your ethernet connection and click on “properties”.
3. go to “advanced” tab.
4. check “allow other network….. internet connection”
5. in the drop down below select the wifi connection of your pc. if it is disabled, it will be showing your wifi connection already.
6. click on “settings”
7. check the protocols you need to share.i normally use only http and https.
8. click on “ok”.you reach the network connection page. the sharing part is now over.

finding dns server ip address.

1. click on start -> run
2. type in cmd in the run prompt
3. in the new window type “ipconfig /all” and press enter.
4. note down your dns server ip address from the screen.

configuring the wifi

1. go again to control panel -> network connections.
2. right click on your wifi connection and click “properties”.
3. go to”wireless network” tab.
4. the “use windows to configure my wireless network connection” should be checked.
5. in the preferred network connection section click on add button
6. enter a name of your wish to the network name.
7. network authentication is “open”
8. change data encryption to “disabled”
9. check the “this is a computer to computer …. not used” connection.
10. click “ok”.
11. click on general tab. select “internet protocol(tcp/ip) and click on properties button.
12. now type 192.168.0.1 in ip address, 255.255.255.0 in subnet mask, leave default gateway empty.
13. fill in the dns server entry which you had noted down earlier.
14. click on “ok” and your network is set.

your network should appear on the wifi network list now. search for wlan on your phone. connect and enjoy browsing on your phone.

Use GMail as Your SMTP Server

2009-12-16T19:41:00.000+05:30

One of the little-known freebies Gmail offers is a portable SMTP server to send mail from any network for any email address. Travellers who use their ISP's SMTP server to send mail with their email program (like Thunderbird or Outlook Express) can find themselves in a bind if they're on another network away from home, like at a coffee shop, airport or visiting relatives. But if you've got a free Gmail account (get one here) you can use Google's SMTP server to send mail through Thunderbird from you@example.com Update: Google rewrites the from address to your Gmail address..

Here's how to set it up:

In your email client software, under Outgoing mail, set the SMTP server to smtp.gmail.com.
Set the your username is yourgooglemailname@gmail.com and make sure "Use username and password" is checked.
Also check off "TLS" under "Use secure connection."
And voila! You can send mail for any email address from any network (that lets you connect to an outside SMTP server) using your Gmail account - be sure to enter your Gmail password when prompted. Check out Gmail's help section on POP access for Gmail for specific instructions for setting this up with your email program. If you only want to use the SMTP server, skip the POP bits and only set up SMTP to work with your existing email account. Update 1: I was remiss not to point out that Gmail will set the from address for messages sent through smtp.google.com toyourgoogleemailname@gmail.com when using this method. Profuse apologies.

A reader says: "Some clarification: I set up Gmail for a client for SMTP access, and we discovered the following huge drawback: Gmail automatically rewrites the "from" line of any e-mail you send via their SMTP gateway to your Gmail address, and it overrides any Reply-To settings you may have in your e-mail software in favor of the one in Gmail's web interface. So while Gmail's SMTP access sure is handy, it's not a perfect solution for everybody.

On the plus side, Gmail also stores and indexes anything you send via SMTP as if you had sent it using the website, so all your e-mail is still searchable and in one place. Also, since Gmail SMTP does not use port 25, I've yet to see an ISP that won't allow me to send mail through it." Thanks, David! Update 2: The Gmail spooler is no longer available, but a reader says Gmail invites can be had at bytetest.com. Thanks, Darin! Update 3: Reader Derek Bennett says, "The solution is to go into your gmail Settings:Accounts and "Make default" an account other than your gmail account. This will cause gmail to re-write the From field with whatever the default account's email address is."

Find The IP Address Of E-Mail Sender

2009-12-16T19:36:00.002+05:30

Finding IP Address Of the Sender In Hotmail!!
Log into your Hotmail account with your username and password.
Click on the Mail tab on the top.
Open the mail.
If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed . To display the headers,
Click on Options on the top-right corner
In the Mail Options page, click on Mail Display Settings
In Message Headers, make sure Advanced option is checked.
Click on Ok button
Go back to the mails and open that mail.
If you find a header with X-Originating-IP: followed by an IP address, that is the sender's IP address
Hotmail headers : Daniel ,In this case the IP address of the sender is [68.34.60.59]. This is be the IP address of the sender.
If you find a header with Received: from followed by a Gmail proxy like this
Hotmail headers : Daniel
Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[]. In this case, the IP address of the sender is [69.140.7.58].
Or else if you have headers like this
Hotmail headers : Daniel
Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[].
In this case, the IP address of the sender is [61.83.145.129] .
If you have multiple Received: from headers, eliminate the ones that have proxy.anyknownserver.com.

Finding IP Address Of the Sender In Yahoo Mail!!
Log into your Yahoo! mail with your username and password.
Click on Inbox or whichever folder you have stored your mail.
Open the mail.
If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed . To display the headers,
Click on Options on the top-right corner
In the Mail Options page, click on General Preferences
Scroll down to Messages where you have the Headers option
Make sure that Show all headers on incoming messages is selected
Click on the Save button
Go back to the mails and open that mail.
You should see similar headers like this:
Yahoo! headers : Daniel.
Look for Received: from followed by the IP address between square brackets [ ]. Here, it is 202.65.138.109.
That is be the IP address of the sender!

Finding IP Address Of the Sender In GMail!!

When you receive an email, you receive more than just the message. The email comes with headers that carry important information that can tell where the email was sent from and possibly who sent it. For that, you would need to find the IP address of the sender. The tutorial below can help you find the IP address of the sender.

Log into your Gmail account with your username and password.
Open the mail.
To display the headers,
Click on More options corresponding to that thread. You should get a bunch of links. Click on Show original

You should get headers like this:
Gmail headers : Daniel
Look for Received: from followed by a few hostnames and an IP address between square brackets. In this case, it is 65.119.112.245.

That is be the IP address of the sender!!

NOTE:=
This will not work if the sender uses anonymous proxy servers.

Airtel Hack

2009-12-16T19:31:00.001+05:30

Airtel Hack For Free Internet Access

All you need to have is
–>PC
–>Serial/USB cable/Bluetooth dongle
–>Any Browser(I suggest Opera as we can browse both wap and other sites)

Follow These Steps:
—>Activate Airtel Live sending a message MASALA Active to 121
—>Create a profile with the following settings in your data account under Data Communication

GATEWAY : 100.1.200.99
APN : airtelfun.com
USERNAME : blank
PASSWORD : blank
PASS REQ : OFF
ALLOW CALLS : AUTOMATIC
IPADDRESS :
DNSADDRESS :
DATA COMP : OFF
HEADER COMP : OFF

and then Under INTERNET PROFILES,

INTERNET MODE : HTTP or WAP (both works)
USE PROXY : YES
IP ADDRESS : 100.1.200.99
PORT : 8080
USERNAME :
PASSWORD :

–>Create a new dial-up connection on your pc after connecting the mobile to pc,using the NEW CONNECTION WIZARD as follows

ISP Name : Anyname
Phone Number : *99***1#
Username and Password : blank

–>Configure your browser to use the proxy 100.1.200.99 and port 8080.

–>Connect to the dial-up account. You will be connected at 115.2kbps

—>Now if you try to access any site on your mobile you ll get an error message like “Access Denied”

—>Open your browser, and start browsing and voila it opens the regular sites and if u beleive ull get a d/l speed of 5-6 kbps

Common Errors:
If you are getting any error wile dialing a dial up connection than go to
Control panel>> Phone and modem>>>select modem and click on its properties >>advanced
and enter the following initialization commands
CODE
AT+CGDCONT=2, “IP”,”airtelfun.com”,”",0,0

Now it should be connected without any error......!

Speed Up Browsing

2009-12-16T19:29:00.001+05:30

When you connect to a web site your computer sends information back and forth. Some of this information deals with resolving the site name to an IP address, the stuff that TCP/IP really deals with, not words. This is DNS information and is used so that you will not need to ask for the site location each and every time you visit the site. Although Windows XP and Windows XP have a pretty efficient DNS cache, you can increase its overall performance by increasing its size. You can do this with the registry entries below: Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\Dnscache\Parameters] "CacheHashTableBucketSize"=dword:00000001 "CacheHashTableSize"=dword:00000180 "MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000fa00 "MaxSOACacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000012d Make a new text file and rename it to dnscache.reg. Then copy and paste the above into it and save it. Merge it into the registry.

Increase Internet Speed Secret

Microsoft reserves 20% of your available bandwidth for their own purposes like Windows Updates and interrogating your PC etc To get it back: Click Start then Run and type "gpedit.msc" without quotes.This opens the group policy editor. Then go to: Local Computer Policy then Computer Configuration then Administrative Templates then Network then QOS Packet Scheduler and then to Limit Reservable Bandwidth. Double click on Limit Reservable bandwidth. It will say it is not configured, but the truth is under the 'Explain' tab i.e."By default, the Packet Scheduler limits the system to 20 percent of the bandwidth of a connection, but you can use this setting to override the default." So the trick is to ENABLE reservable bandwidth, then set it to ZERO. This will allow the system to reserve nothing, rather than the default 20%.It works on Win 2000 as well

Start Computer in 10 Seconds

2009-12-16T19:23:00.000+05:30

Click on the start button then press R it will take u to Run well go to runand type Regedit
press enter
this will open Registery Editor
now look for the key

HKEY_LOACAL_MECHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contr ol\ContentIndex

now there find the Key Called
"Startup Delay"
Double Click On It
Now where its Base
Click Decimal
Now its Default Value Is 4800000
Change The Value To 40000
here u go u have done it
now close the Registery Editor and Restart Your Computer
You'll See The Result

Assign Permanent Letter To Pendrives

2009-12-16T19:15:00.000+05:30

If you have multiple pen drives you might have noticed that every time you put in your drive it will be assigned a different drive letter.

This can be frustrating when trying to run backups or opening files from software as recent drive letter is changed. Even if you have created playlist of the songs which are in your pen drive it won’t work if the drive letter is changed.

Here are the steps you will have to follow to assign a permanent drive letter:-

1. Go to Start > Run

2. Type mmc in the box and hit enter.

3. Select File > New

4. Now select File > Add/Remove Snap-in.

5. Select “Disk Management” and click “Add”

6. Select “OK“.

7. Select “This computer” and then “Finish”

8. Now press “OK” on the “Add or Remove snap-ins” screen.

9. Now select “Disk Management” from the left menu.

10.You will now see all of your drives/partitions in the right hand side panel.

11.Right click the USB drive you want to assign a permanent letter to and select “Change Drive Letter and Paths…”

12. Click on “Change”

13. Select a permanent letter

14. Click “OK”

15. It will warn you about making the change – there is little chance programs you use will be affected by this. If they will, you will probably already be aware of this so don’t worry.

16. The final step is to select File > Save and save the file in the default directory. Close the Console and you are done.

Now eject your usb drive and put it back in and see whether it is showing the assigned letter or not.

10 Steps You Should Do When Your Computer Hanged

2009-12-16T19:12:00.001+05:30

You are in the middle of doing your work, suddenly you realized your computer hanged up. But the problem is, you have not saved your work! Don’t panic! There is a solution for that! And you can surely save your file! Here’s how:

1. Click on “ctrl-alt-delete” keys.

The windows task manager will then open, click on all programs that you don’t need and end the task. You will see that all programs on your taskbar will close one by one. If this will resolve the issue! – then save! (tip# 1: if you’re working on an MS Office application, it will automatically save your file in case the programs suddenly shut down — tip# 2: always save your file at least every 2 minutes by just simply clicking on the “diskette icon”— its just one click!)

2. If it did not resolve the issue,

are there some users logged on that computer? If so, go to switch user (for XP) and log off that user, go back to your log on screen and log on again.

The reason the computer hang up is because if there are many open programs and applications, these retains in the memory, if it is too much for the memory to handle, it freezes! Another reason too the computer hang up is because if you are connected to the internet via dial up, and you are running too many applications and opening many websites. So I suggest, if you are multimedia user or a heavy internet user, then you are better off with a higher memory, at least 512Mb of memory.

There are simple ways to avoid computer to freeze or hang up:

3. Clean your history at least once a week

>tools>internet options>clear history. I normally set my history to “0”, meaning, when I restart my computer, it doesn’t save history pages that I have visited

4. Delete all internet temporary files

>tools>internet options>delete files (do the “offline” content too!)

5. Delete cookies

(some do not do this, but I do delete cookies at least once a week!) >tools>internet options>delete cookies
6. Remove unnecessary programs that you no longer use
they are just occupying space and memory! >control panel>add/remove programs

7. Do defragmentation at least once a week

>point the mouse to “start” button, then right click “explore”>right click the mouse pointing to drive C (which is usually the main system logical drive) >properties>tools>defragment now

8. You can also check the logical drive’s volume for errors

>point the mouse to “start” button, then right click “explore”>right click the mouse pointing to drive C (I repeat, is usually the main system logical drive) >properties>tools>check now

9. It is better to have only one user being logged on.

Even if there are many users, make sure the user logs off after using the computer, rather than keeping it logged on and you do the switching of users. Switching users is good as long as you don’t keep all users logged on—I think that is more logical

10. Always shut down properly the computer

(do NOT use the power button when turning it off!

Reset Root Password For LINUX

2009-12-16T18:58:00.000+05:30

Here comes the Steps to reset your root user password if you have forgot it.

Reset the root password in Linux Systems.

1) When it shows the two Os (Windows, Red hat), highlight the red hat option and Press ‘e’.
2) This will show two or three options; in these one of the options will have ‘kernel’ word. Highlight that option and press ‘e’.
3) This will show the grub command line, in that line shown press a space and type ‘1’(no single quotes) to login into the single user mode and press Enter.
4) Linux will start to load and it will show # prompt.
5) Now type ‘passwd’, this will prompt for the new password.
6) Type the new password, once again it will ask for retype, retype once again and press enter.
7) Type exit to quit the prompt and linux will start to load.
8) Now you can login into the root user with your changed password.

Increase RAM Memory

2009-12-16T18:53:00.002+05:30

Increase your RAM and so system speed

1). Start any application, say Word. Open some large documents.

2). Press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC to open Windows Task Manager and click Processes tab and sort the list in descending order on Mem Usage. You will notice that WINWORD.EXE will be somewhere at the top, using multiple MBs of memory.

3). Now switch to Word and simply minimize it. (Don't use the Minimize All Windows option of the task bar).

4). Now go back to the Windows Task Manager and see where WINWORD.EXE is listed. Most probably you will not find it at the top. You will typically have to scroll to the bottom of the list to find Word. Now check out the amount of RAM it is using. Surprised? The memory utilization has reduced by a huge amount.

5). Minimize each application that you are currently not working on by clicking on the Minimize button & you can increase the amount of available RAM by a substantial margin. Depending upon the number and type of applications you use together, the difference can be as much as 50 percent of extra RAM.

Actually it is decreasing the amount of RAM Memory Used By the Computer

In any multitasking system, minimizing an application means that it won't be utilized by the user right now. Therefore, the OS automatically makes the application use virtual memory & keeps bare minimum amounts of the code in physical RAM.

IP Commands

2009-12-15T23:03:00.000+05:30

Display Connection Configuration: ipconfig /all

Display DNS Cache Info Configuration: ipconfig /displaydns

Clear DNS Cache: ipconfig /flushdns

Release All IP Address Connections: ipconfig /release

Renew All IP Address Connections: ipconfig /renew

Re-Register the DNS connections: ipconfig /registerdns

Display DHCP Class Information:ipconfig /showclassid

Change/Modify DHCP Class ID: ipconfig /setclassid

Network Connections: control netconnections

Network Setup Wizard: netsetup.cpl

Test Connectivity: ping

Trace IP address Route: tracert

Displays the TCP/IP protocol sessions: netstat

Display Local Route: route

Display Resolved MAC Addresses: arp

Display Name of Computer Currently on: hostname

Windows 7 Installation Guide

2009-12-15T22:43:00.000+05:30

Windows 7 Installation Guide
A Brief Set of Instructions with Screenshot's

Windows Seven 7 in some simple steps.

This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 1024x768.

So, now getting hands dirty!!

Q: How hard is it to install Windows 7 as a dual boot? At present, you might be using Windows XP or Windows Vista on your machines, most probably and you are planning to taste the flavor of Windows Seven. Surely you can do that.

So lemme summarize over what you need to download and install Windows Seven on your machine.

Lets discuss this in point, so that you can remember it well.

1. First and Foremost, you need Windows Seven to be downloaded/already downloaded/ bought.

2. OK, so now you have the file. What next?? You need to download one more file if You wish to install Windows Seven OS without the need to write the ISO file on a DVD and perform a normal installation.

You need to download DAEMON Tools/magisiso/ultra iso/poweriso to burn DVD

3. Backup all important files

4.Now, we are ready to install the OS

5. You need an empty drive with at least 5-9 GB to install Windows Seven effortlessly. So, create an empty drive and label it appropriately so that you can remember which drive is that at the time of the installation.

Step 6. So, install the DAEMON tool /power iso/ultra iso now and you can see it in the System Tray like this. now and you can see it in the System Tray like this.

It’s the one on the First Line First Item. Looks like a bolt of light from Heaven, doesn’t it?

Step 7. Now, right click on it and choose Virtual CD/DVD-ROM to enter into multitude of options to load the Windows Seven ISO file that you have downloaded. Choose the file wherever it is and the DAEMON tools application launches the installation file which asks you to Install Windows Seven on your machine.

8. Click on the install button and the setup starts and asks you the following screens under which I have mentioned what to do. Follow these steps if you wish to install Windows Seven on an empty drive and place it in the dual boot so that you can choose to enter your previous installation of Windows XP or Windows Vista and Windows Seven.

9. Here goes the first boring screen which states by itself what it’s doing. Based on your PC speed you may see it for longer time.

This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 1149x803.

10.You can click on the image below to view what it says. But, I would advice you to choose the Second option which says “Do not get latest updates for Installation”.